They aim to situate Europe within the space age and bring space into European history.” (Benjamin W. The forty-four total essays … are connected through periodisation, geographic focus and the unifying concept of astroculture. “These three books offer a fascinating reevaluation of space history from European perspectives. The allure of dominating outer space, the book shows, was neither limited to the early twenty-first century nor to current American space force rhetorics. Astroculture proved instrumental in fathoming forms and functions of warfare’s futures past, both on earth and in space. Often hailed as the site of heavenly utopias and otherworldly salvation, outer space transformed from a promised sanctuary to a present threat, where the battles of the future were to be waged. The third and final volume in the groundbreaking European Astroculturetrilogy, Militarizing Outer Space zooms in on the interplay between security, technopolitics and knowledge from the 1920s through the 1980s.
Concentrating on weapons, warfare and violence, this provocative volume examines real and imagined endeavors of arming the skies and conquering the heavens. Air Force Cheating Scandal Widens 92 Nuclear Officers Linked (Jan.Militarizing Outer Space explores the dystopian and destructive dimensions of the Space Age and challenges conventional narratives of a bipolar Cold War rivalry. 34 Officers At Nuclear Site May Have Cheated On Exams (Jan. Nuclear Missile Officers Reportedly Implicated In Drug Probe (Jan. Air Force Strips 17 Officers Of Nuclear Missile Launch Authority (May 8, 2013) Here are some of the links in chronological order: We have been following this story for many months. "So, many try to become instructors, and to do that you have to achieve absolute perfection on these tests." "These aren't glamorous jobs like being an Air Force fighter pilot," he says. The cheating, Bowman says, "centers around promotion and the belief that you needed a perfect score to move on in your career." These exams, he says, consist of questions about administrative procedures and other protocols, but "Air Force officials insist there was never an issue of safety." "It revolves around proficiency exams," Bowman tells Morning Edition. Another nine of the 100 are being handled separately by the Air Force Office of Special Investigation eight of those nine involve possible criminal charges stemming from the alleged mishandling of classified information."Īs NPR's Tom Bowman says, the Air Force "found a culture of cheating throughout the nuclear missile community" related to promotions. "A total of 100 missile launch crew members at Malmstrom were identified as potentially involved in the cheating, but nine were cleared by investigators. Michael Carey, who was fired last October as commander of the 20th Air Force, which is responsible for all three 150-missile wings of the ICBM force, is still on duty as a staff officer at Air Force Space Command but has requested retirement his request is being reviewed. The AP says the commander and deputy commander of the 341st Operations Group were also dismissed. He was responsible for 50 Minuteman 3 ICBMs. Robert Stanley, the commander of Malmstrom's 341st Missile Wing and the senior-most officer implicated, has been allowed to resign. None of the nine fired commanders was directly involved in the cheating, but each was determined to have failed in his or her leadership responsibilities."Ĭol. "Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James, the service's top civilian official, had promised to hold officers at Malmstrom accountable once the cheating investigation was completed and the scope of the scandal was clear.
#Nathaniel iven missile commander series
"In a bid to correct root causes of the missile corps' failings - including low morale and weak management - the Air Force also announced a series of new or expanded programs to improve leadership development, to modernize the three ICBM bases and to reinforce 'core values' including integrity. The measures come after an extensive investigation into a string of security lapses and failed safety inspections at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Mont., where the cheating occurred. The Air Force has announced the firing of nine midlevel nuclear missile commanders and the disciplining of dozens of junior officers involved in cheating on ICBM proficiency exams.
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